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Alessandro Aresu, policy adviser and strategic thinker

Political Capitalism and the Geopolitics of Technology

In my work, both as a writer and public policy expert, I have focused particularly on the relationship between economics, politics, and technology, to understand macro trends in global affairs

Since 2006, I have been contributing to Limes, Italy’s prominent journal on geopolitics, where I have studied Italian and European interests, particularly focusing on great power competition, especially the U.S.-China rivalry. Since 2013, I have also advised all Italian governments on issues related to foreign affairs, research, investment screening, and emerging technologies. In my 2018 book, written with Luca Gori (now Ambassador of Italy to Serbia), we placed the concept of the Italian national interest at the centre of the public debate on foreign policy. Additionally, in a series of three books published between 2020 and 2024, I developed a comprehensive framework to understand the geopolitical role of technology and the AI race, particularly in the context of U.S.-China competition.

Both in public policy and in advisory work for companies, I believe a key issue of our time is economic security. Political entities, as well as businesses, are facing a new reality in which economics and politics are deeply interconnected. This new reality, which I call “political capitalism,” differs significantly from the framework of globalization at the end of the last century. We are experiencing, and will continue to experience, major changes in how global supply chains function and how several ecoand nomic sectors are scrutinised for national security reasons. Strategic sectors such as space, submarine cables, and semiconductors are becoming increasingly relevant in the political arena. Understanding these sectors requires both public policy expertise and technical knowledge, and navigating this dynamic, interdisciplinary environment is a challenge that continues to motivate me.

In a series of three books published between 2020 and 2024, I developed a comprehensive framework to understand the geopolitical role of technology and the AI race, particularly in the context of U.S.-China competition

I am convinced that, to properly understand the challenges of our time, we must also explore the history and objectives of the leading technology companies that are at the forefront of innovation. That is why I have conducted in-depth studies for Italian and European readers on several of the world’s most influential technology companies, including ASML, BYD, ByteDance, Huawei, NVIDIA, OpenAI, Palantir, SpaceX, Tesla, and TSMC. Many of these companies, mainly based in the U.S. and China, are instrumental in the AI race, where three factors are key: first, the talent pool necessary for innovation; second, the companies driving applied research and commercial development; and third, the capital required to finance this technological race and push it forward.

Although I have spent most of my career in Milan and Rome, my emotional attachment remains to the island where I was born in 1983: Sardinia. I feel both Italian and Sardinian, due to the unique history of this ancient Mediterranean island. Preserving Sardinian heritage, through food, culture, and hospitality, is something very important to me.

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